Born into an upper-class family, he was drawn into the vortex of Chinese politics during the May Fourth Movement. In he traveled to Europe on a work-study program in which he met a number of future CCP leaders. He joined the Party in and returned to China in , becoming the political commissar of the Whampoa Military Academy in Canton during the first united front with the Nationalists.
But Zhou was always most prominent during periods in which the CCP reached out to otherwise hostile political forces. General George Marshall. After the founding of the People's Republic in , Zhou became premier of the Government Affairs later State Council and foreign minister. In he acted as China's bridge to the nonaligned world at the Bandung Conference, and in the same year helped engineer initial contacts with the U.
He passed the foreign minister portfolio to Chen Yi in but continued to play an active role in foreign policy. Zhou supported Mao Zedong in the latter's Cultural Revolution attack on the entrenched Party bureaucracy, and subsequently played a critical role in rebuilding political institutions and mediating numerous political quarrels. With the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Zhou advocated an opening to Japan and the West to counter the Russian threat.
That same year Zhou was diagnosed as having cancer, and he began shedding some of his responsibilities, especially to Deng Xiaoping who was rehabilitated in April Zhou was also a strong advocate of modernization, particularly at the Fourth National People's Congress in January Amid radical attacks on him during the Anti-Confucius Campaign, Zhou entered the hospital during and died on January 8, Zhou continued to affect Chinese politics even after his death.
In April , the removal of memorial wreaths placed in Tiananmen Square in Zhou's honor sparked riots that led to the second ousting of Deng Xiaoping. With the purge of the "Gang of Four" in October , his policy of "four modernizations" received the full endorsement of the new leadership. His selected works were published in December , and three years later a memorial room for him was established in Mao's mausoleum. Deng Xiaoping.
Born in , Deng Xiaoping d. He held prominent positions in the government in the s and s, but he was removed from office and imprisoned during the years of the Cultural Revolution, His family was persecuted. Deng Xiaoping reemerged as China's paramount leader shortly after the death of Mao Zedong in How did Mao Tse Tung come to power? What reforms did Mao Tse Tung make? Why were the states which surrounded the USSR known as "satellite" states? Question 6d What historical proofs exist for the early life of Jesus?
What are some Japanese organizations that helped prepare for disasters? What are South Korea's major imports and exports? Question cf. See all questions in 20th Century Asia and East Asia.
Impact of this question views around the world. Mao and other communists retreated to south east China. In , after the KMT surrounded them, Mao led his followers on the 'Long March', a 6, mile journey to northwest China to establish a new base. The Communists and KMT were again temporarily allied during eight years of war with Japan , but shortly after the end of World War Two, civil war broke out between them.
Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of Taiwan. Mao and other Communist leaders set out to reshape Chinese society. Industry came under state ownership and China's farmers began to be organised into collectives. All opposition was ruthlessly suppressed. The Chinese initially received significant help from the Soviet Union, but relations soon began to cool.
In , in an attempt to introduce a more 'Chinese' form of communism, Mao launched the 'Great Leap Forward'. This aimed at mass mobilisation of labour to improve agricultural and industrial production.
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