Louis area. He died from tuberculosis in September Harriett Scott died eighteen years later on June 17, Paul Finkleman, Dred Scott v. Skip to content Dred Scott, ca. Do you find this information helpful? A small donation would help us keep this accessible to all. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone! Whitaker, M. Dred Scott Next Next post: E. Franklin Frazier A jury sentenced him to death by lethal injection.
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Washington was one of the foremost African American leaders of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, founding the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. Dred Scott was a slave and social activist who served several masters before suing for his freedom. His case made it to the Supreme Court Dred Scott v. Sandford prior to the American Civil War. Olivia Rodrigo —. Megan Thee Stallion —. Bowen Yang —. See More.
Louis, and then back to Fort Snelling. Harriet gave birth to their daughter Eliza Scott in free waters on the steamer Gipsey. Dred Scott remained at Fort Snelling for another two years, working for Dr. Emerson and living with his wife and infant daughter. During the summer of , Harriet left Fort Snelling forever. Emerson had been transferred yet again, this time to Florida where the Seminole War was being fought.
Harriet and her family were sent to St. Louis where they were hired out to work for other people while the Emersons collected their wages.
Harriet gave birth to another daughter, Lizzie Scott, during this period of time. She most likely worked as a laundress and domestic servant. In , Dr. Emerson died suddenly. Though neither Dred nor Harriet appeared in Dr. Emerson moved in with her proslavery father, Alexander Sanford, on his plantation near St. Her brother, John F. Sanford, a successful businessman, handled many of her affairs. For the next three years, Dred and Harriet Scott worked for other people while Mrs.
Emerson collected their wages. The practice of hiring out slaves may have been convenient for the owner, but it was not a positive experience for most slaves. Louis to gain their freedom from Irene Emerson. Francis Murdock was their lawyer.
Unable to read or write, Scott perhaps relied on advice from the Blow family, with whom he had renewed contact since returning to St. Additionally, Harriet Scott knew John R. Anderson, the minister of the Second African Baptist Church, who had helped other slaves file petitions for their freedom in Missouri courts.
It was not uncommon for slaves to sue for their freedom if they had lived in free states for a period of time. Dred Scott had lived in free territory for the past decade, so it seemed that his case would have a positive outcome. Unfortunately, their cases were dismissed on a technicality.
Their lawyer moved for a new trial. Irene Emerson quickly made arrangements for the Scotts to be put under the charge of the St.
Louis County sheriff. The sheriff was responsible for hiring out the Scotts and collecting and keeping their wages until the freedom suit was resolved. Dred Scott worked another two years as a hired out slave with no income before his case came to trial again.
Louis in , and a subsequent outbreak of cholera. Louis after an ill-fated marriage to a much younger woman. Field filed a new suit in federal court on the basis of Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, commonly known as the diversity clause, which gives federal courts jurisdiction over suits between citizens of different states. It was not a far-fetched theory because several Southern courts had recognized that the act of emancipation conferred at least some citizenship rights on a freed slave.
Scott v. The lawsuit again asserted that Scott had been freed by his residence in Illinois and at Fort Snelling. The case was assigned to Judge Robert W. Wells, a Virginian who had been attorney general of Missouri. While Scott had convinced the court that it had the jurisdiction to hear his case, he still had to prove that his travels to Illinois and Fort Snelling had freed him under the law of Missouri. The case went to trial in Judge Wells, though sympathetic to the Scotts, had no choice but to give a charge that reflected the ruling by the Missouri Supreme Court in Scott v.
Emerson , since the federal case concerned solely a wrongful imprisonment charge and Scott had never proven unequivocally in any state case that he was declared free in Illinois. Sitting on that highest court were four slave state justices, four justices from free states and Roger Taney from Maryland, a border state that permitted slavery. It is easy in hindsight to see why the Scott lawyers might have viewed Taney as a possible fifth vote in their favor. As a young lawyer, Taney had defended an abolitionist minister against charges of inciting slaves to rebellion.
Taney had freed his own slaves and, after joining the Supreme Court, voted to free the slaves in the Amistad case. In appearance he was frail and soft-spoken, to some resembling an old wizard, but his eyes shone with bright and piercing intelligence. The case was argued in the Supreme Court in and again in late , just as Americans began to debate slavery with more than words. On May 21, , border ruffians sacked the free-state town of Lawrence, Kan.
The Scott case also coincided with tragedy in the Taney family. In the summer that the case reached the Supreme Court, an outbreak of cholera was reported in Norfolk. Her mother died of a stroke the same day. Taney, then 78 years old, had begun writing his autobiography at Old Point Comfort.
Taney was leaving Old Point, the scene of many happy summers and of one terrible tragedy, never to return, and the writing of the story of his life, which had begun there, was never to be resumed.
After the first argument, it was clear that Geyer and Johnson were defending nothing less than slavery itself. In challenging the authority of Congress to limit the expansion of slavery, the Sanford attorneys struck at the foundation of the legislative compromises that had saved the Union.
Instead of issuing an opinion, the Supreme Court set the case down for another argument in December Following the second argument, the Supreme Court was initially divided.
Finally, a majority coalesced around a sweeping opinion. At the suggestion of Justice James M. Grier to join a majority opinion. Buchanan wrote to Justice Grier, who agreed to concur with the chief justice.
On March 6, , the Supreme Court was filled, and many were turned away. Taney then went on to issue a stunning ruling that attempted to end the slavery controversy forever. That morning freedom had been national and slavery local. By the afternoon, it was the other way around. The country was a tinderbox, and now the Supreme Court had lit a match. For the first time, Northern anger was not directed only at the expansion of slavery but at the South.
Southerners warned that the opinion must be accepted by the North or there would be disunion. For two months Justice Taney refused to publish his opinion, and even ordered the Supreme Court clerk not to give a copy to dissenting Justice Curtis.
Meanwhile, Taney was rewriting sections of his opinion to respond to the cascade of Northern anger that had descended on the Supreme Court.
That same year, on August 27 in Freeport, Ill. Douglas held the second of their famous debates, which were largely about the Dred Scott case. At its convention, the Democratic Party came apart over the Dred Scott decision. Lincoln ran as the sole Republican candidate for president against a fractured Democratic Party that produced three candidates, one being Stephen A.
In one of the most ironic moments in American history, Chief Justice Taney swore in Lincoln as president in In Taney sat for a portrait by the painter Emanuel Leutze. The chief justice wears black robes in the portrait. His left hand rests on a pad of paper, while his right hand hangs limply, almost lifelessly against the right arm of the chair.
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