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Milner went back to England in the spring of after his tenure in South Africa. He was respected for his abilities by leaders of both parties, but he was always associated with the unpopular events in South Africa.
Although he was not a party politician, Milner's policy was closely linked with that of the Conservatives, who were overwhelmingly defeated in the election of Milner sat in the House of Lords after having been made a viscount in There he opposed much of the legislation sponsored by the Liberals.
When the crisis of World War I came, Milner was called on again, first to increase food production and then to be a member of Prime Minister David Lloyd George's five-man War Cabinet, which ruled England from to In the latter post he was active in every aspect of wartime planning.
He became war secretary in April and colonial secretary in December Milner retired in February after long service and at a time when his views on imperialism were waning in popularity. He died on May 13, Kitchener was more lenient, he wanted to promote reconciliation between the white peoples of South Africa, while Milner wanted to exclude the Boers from future political power.
Milner insisted that the Dutch language would no longer be treated on equal terms with English in government, the courts and in education. He wanted completely Anglicized colonies. Each is manoeuvring to put someone else in front, and if they finally decide to give way they will try to make it appear that they are acting under pressure from the burghers in the field. In fact these men will do exactly as their leaders secretly desire.
The Free Staters are much less friendly than the Transvaalers. Judge Hertzog is probably quite irreconcilable; he is said to have great influence with. President Steyn. But my greatest difficulty is Lord Kitchener, He is extremely adroit in his management of negotiations, particularly as to what he gives away. If he knew as an absolute certainty that His Majesty's government would not yield on certain points, no one would be more skilful in steering the Boers away from these points, and guiding the discussions into directions in which some concessions are possible.
Lord Kitchener even suggests that a definite date should be fixed for introduction of self-government, exactly what Schalk-Burger demanded. They warned me that Kitchener would wreck the whole result of the war. Responsible government can only be given when all traces of racial animosity will have disappeared. Finally, FW Reitz , the Secretary of State in the defunct Transvaal government, spelt out three conditions for the Boers to agree to peace: first, the Republics would surrender their independence in foreign relations.
Secondly, they wished to retain internal self-government under British supervision. Third, they were willing to give up parts of their territory, meaning Swaziland, whose administration was costly and unprofitable, as well as accursed Johannesburg into the bargain. Moreover, they offered to enter into a defensive alliance with Great Britain.
The document was handed over to the Boer generals. The peace came in the form of surrender, but there was to be financial assistance for the burghers, while Cape Rebels were to be disenfranchised for five years. There was a promise of eventual self-government for the Boers, and the question of the franchise for Blacks was postponed to the period of self-government.
On 21 June , three weeks after signing the Treaty of Vereeniging, Milner was sworn in as Governor of the Transvaal in the old Raadzaal at Pretoria and two days later at Bloemfontein, he was installed as Governor of the Orange River Colony. The repair of badly damaged railway system was one of his priorities, and a severe drought added to his problems, with many livestock starving and dying.
Cresswell suggested the use of white labour in mines, but mine owners thought white labour was too expensive to make gold mining profitable. Milner sought African labour outside South Africa, but he could not secure African mine workers.
He brought in Chinese labourers to work the mines, and stabilised the economy. But white miners were angry at the importation of Chinese labour and united against Milner. They went on strike. Milner received permission from Chamberlain to institute a ten per cent tax on mining industry profits, a measure grudgingly accepted by Percy Fitzpatrick and the Chamber of Mines.
A telephone line was installed between Johannesburg and Pretoria to facilitate rapid communication. The two most urgent issues Milner had to deal with were resettlement and self-government. He knew that self government was inevitable, but if it came too soon parties, he calculated, would be formed along racial lines English and Afrikaner parties.
Africa the deplorable state of things at present existing … only in the Cape Colony. Then the party split may mean no more than it does in healthy homogeneous communities. Milner planned to settle 10, British people in the Transvaal to achieve a balance between English and Afrikaner that he wanted to impose. There was a danger that resettlement of Boers after the war would mean the towns would be English and the rural farming areas Afrikaans. A string of other issues also had to be dealt with: repatriation of exiles, return of the refugees, restitution of the prisoners, return to the common law, transfer from military to civilian government, modernization of agriculture, revival of trade and industry, and reparation of the damages and losses of war.
About a quarter of a million burghers and Africans in the concentration camps had to be resettled. Chamberlain arrived in Durban with his wife on 26 December Milner met him in Charlestown on the Transvaal border on 3 January and accompanied him to Pretoria. Chamberlains stayed at Sunnyside with Milner and they engaged in lengthy discussions about the South African Constabulary, the South African garrison, the railway system, the immigration of women, a dedicated forestry department, taxation of dynamite, and the Possession of Arms Act.
Milner agreed that three Boer leaders exiled in Europe, Fischer, Wolmarans and Wessels, be allowed to return. Elective municipalities in towns were authorized as a step towards responsible government.
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