In Turkey, diving tourists frequent monk seal habitat and pupping activity has ceased at many of these sites. Increased boat activity for pleasure boating, recreational fishing, diving, etc. Tourism continues to threaten this species in Morocco, Greece, and Turkey. The frequency of fishery-related deaths i. Deliberate killings are usually committed by fishermen in response to damage to fishing gear or lost catch. Although the deliberate killing of a monk seal is illegal, fishermen have been observed shooting seals and using explosives in occupied caves.
Deliberate killing is primarily a threat to this species in the areas of Greece, Turkey, and Cabo Blanco. Accidental entanglement in fishing gear and drowning as a result of entanglement especially in static nets is also a major source of mortality, particularly for sub-adult monk seals in the eastern Mediterranean.
Tempted by an easy meal, younger seals tend to be less cautious and experienced than adults when approaching nets and often are not strong enough to disentangle themselves. Monk seals can become entangled in a wide variety of fishing gear, including set-nets, trawl nets, and long lines.
The Mediterranean monk seal was listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in We completed a 5-year review for this species in September Mediterranean Monk Seal Monachus monachus. Throughout Its Range. MMPA Protected. MMPA Depleted. Quick Facts Weight. Habitat destruction, Habitat degradation, Entanglement in fishing gear, Harassment. See Regulatory Actions. The pup appeared to be otherwise healthy, and the eye was beginning to heal. She was rehabilitated at the Alonissos centre, and was released, wearing a satellite transmitter with time-depth recorder, in April at Piperi Island, within the core zone of the protected area of the Marine Park of the Sporades.
The necropsy indicated that the cause of death was pulmonary oedema, suggesting that she was trapped in fishing gear. She had travelled a total of about km from Piperi island, migrating from Piperi island to the mainland coast, along the coast and the out to Skiathos. It is not known how this long dispersal movement would compare with post-weaning dispersal of a wild post-weaning pup born in this area.
Two pups were rescued from the Turkish Aegean coast on 18 December , having apparently been separated from their mothers during a storm. They were initially fed from a bowl instead of being tube fed.
They were deemed to be ready for release on April 2nd , having attained weights of 34 and 37kg, and their release on April 2nd, in a remote part of Turkey's monk seal habitat area , was confirmed. SCS note: We do not know the sexes and 'names' of these two pups, but the fact that they seemed to have been housed together during rehabilitation should benefit the development of their normal socialisation and enable them to integrate readily with the wild seal population rather than to seek human company.
Their relatively early release should also benefit their normal behaviour development in the wild. A pup Nereus was found stranded and apparently weak on the island of Kythira in February The pup was taken to the Alonissos centre, where he was diagnosed with a heavy internal parasite load and skin problems.
He was released at Alonissos on March 19th , but without any tracking devices. Rehabilitation means reintroduction, with external help, to the normal ways of life of the species — a return to the population T. Schultze-Westrum, From the experience of rehabilitation over the past 10 years, it seems that some review and refinement of the rehabilitation protocol may help to achieve this aim with a greater number of monk seal orphans. Although Badem seems to have been an extreme example, monk seals do seem present several challenges to be overcome which include their natural 'tameness', their sociality and and their assertive and extrovert nature.
An ideal rehabilitation procedure might be to try to mimic the natural behaviour, nutrition and the natural developmental timetable of the wild pup as closely as possible. More observational field studies of wild pups from birth to a few months of age would inform this process: studies could include the natural nursing and weaning periods, pup behaviour, social environment, interactions with mother and other seals and the development of swimming and diving behaviour.
Internet links. The Monachus Guardian. Mom Hellenic Society for the study and protection of the monk seal. CBD Habitat monk seals. Watch a monk seal birth, filmed in a cave in October A monk seal pup in a cave, filmed in November A monk seal spotted on the Mani coast of Greece. Rehabilitated monk seal juvenile 'Badem' interacting with divers.
A beach habitat for monk seals in Greece recently discovered December Aguilar, A. Monachus monachus. In: IUCN Version Androukaki, E. Growth and development of Mediterranean monk seal pups during rehabilitation. Badosa, E. Moult in the Mediterranean monk seal from Cap Blanc, western Sahara. African Zoology 41 2 : — Dendrinos, P. A video surveillance system for monitoring the endangered Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus. Aquatic Mammals 33 2 : — Durant, S.
Assessment of monitoring and management strategies for local populations of the Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus. Gazo, M. Diving activity data on one of the most endangered divers: an adult male Mediterranean monk seal. How to obtain the information without disturbing the diver.
In: P. Evans, E. Clark [eds. Diving behaviour of Mediterranean monk seal pups during lactation and postweaning. Harwood, J. Workshop on the causes and consequences of the mass mortality of Mediterranean monk seals in the western Sahara. Amsterdam 11—14 Dec. IBN Sci. Jiddou, A. Memorandum on the mass die-off of monk seals on the Cap Blanc peninsula.
Johnson, W. Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus. Monk seal fact files. Monachus Guardian. Karamanlidis, Alexandros A. King, J. Seals of the World, 2nd ed. British Museum Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N. ISBN Observations of diving behaiour of free-ranging Mediterranean monk seals Monachus monachus on Turkish coasts.
The Monachus Guardian 5 1 : May MOm Mediterranean monk seal rehabilitation in Greece — 15 years of action. Hellenic Society for the study and protection of the monk seal. Athens, Mom National strategy and action plan for the conservation of the Mediterranean monk seal in Greece, — Mediterranean Monk Seal Monachus monachus.
ED Score: Loading species distribution map Version View Gallery 2 2. Conservation Actions For each key category of conservation action, we calculated a conservation attention score based on expert information. Engaging stakeholders Priority: High. Overall Conservation Attention We combined all of the expert information on conservation actions to calculate an overall conservation attention score for this species.
More information Recent studies have grouped all possible conservation activities for any species into nine key categories Washington et. Least severe. Vision years The ecological recovery of monk seals in the Mediterranean will occur, when multiple colonies have maintained within all major habitats of their historic range, interacting with other species in ecologically significant ways, and inspiring and connecting human cultures. Goal years Improve the status of the Mediterranean monk seal by improving protectionaround the breeding coastal caves and improving collaborative co-ordinated response through an alert network.
Objectives Priority Critical breeding habitats are identified and prioritized within the next five years. Critical The areas containing monk seal critical breeding habitats are legally protected and organised into a functional network of protected areas Critical Monk seal conservation measures are legally adopted and effectively implemented Critical Reduce human-caused monk seal mortality within the next eight years.
Critical Within the next two to three years, bioecological knowledge relevant for the species conservation is obtained.
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